smartctl

To check hard disk for errors, run

/usr/sbin/smartctl -q errorsonly -H -l selftest -l error /dev/sda

Here is an example of HDD with errors

# smartctl -q errorsonly -H -l selftest -l error /dev/sda
ATA Error Count: 8259 (device log contains only the most recent five errors)
Error 8259 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 8324 hours (346 days + 20 hours)
Error 8258 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 8324 hours (346 days + 20 hours)
Error 8257 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 8324 hours (346 days + 20 hours)
Error 8256 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 8324 hours (346 days + 20 hours)
Error 8255 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 8324 hours (346 days + 20 hours)

#

To get detailed, result, run

smartctl -a -d ata /dev/sda

hdd