You can use dpkg-deb command to extract the contents of a .deb file in the Ubuntu or Debian system.
dpkg-deb -x file.deb folderExample:
dpkg-deb -x anydesk_6.3.2-1_amd64.deb anydeskHere we extract the content of the file anydesk_6.3.2-1_amd64.deb to the directory “anydesk’.
Back to dpkg
One of the advantages of the Debian operating system is easy to upgrade to the newer version.
Login to your Debian 10 server using SSH or console. Install all available software updates with the command
apt update && apt upgrade -yRemove any unused packages
apt autoremoveMake a backup of the file
cp /etc/apt/sources.list ~/Edit the file /etc/apt/sources.list
In the file, change all “buster” entries to “bullseye”. You can do this manually or using sed command
sed -i 's/buster/bullseye/g' /etc/apt/sources.listUpdate repository cache with
apt updateUpgrade software with
apt upgradeDo a full-upgrade with
apt full-upgradeNow reboot system
rebootAfter reboot, you need to make sure all services running properly, there is a chance some services won’t work as expected, in that case, you need to debug and fix i.
See Debian
On a Debian server, when running a command with sudo, I got the error
sudo: command not found
To fix this, you need to install “sudo” package. If you are logged in as non-root user, then you need to become root, for this, you can use the command
su -
Enter the root password when it prompt for the password.
Once logged in as user root, you can install sudo with the command
apt install sudo
To add a user to sudo group, run the command
usermod -aG sudo USER_NAME
Or
adduser USER_NAME sudo
If you don’t have a user, you can create a user with the command
useradd -m --shell /bin/bash USER_NAME
To verify if the user has sudo rights, you can use the command “sudo -v”. You can also use “id” or “groups” command, which lists all groups the current user is in, you can verify if the user is part of sudo group.
Debian 11.0 Bullseye released on August 14th, 2021 is the next major Debian GNU/Linux distribution release. Debian 10 buster is designated as oldstable.
https://www.debian.org/releases/bullseye/
Debian 12 “Bookworm” is the new testing distribution with is expected to be released in 2023.
You can download the latest version of Debian 11.0 ISO from
https://www.debian.org/download
Debian 11.0 is powered by Linux 5.10 LTS kernel. It supports exFAT file system. Control groups v2 support. Improved support for alternative init systems.
The new release of Debian 11.0 comes with a lot more software packages. It includes 11294 new packages. Most software on the distribution has been updated.
You can find the list of software packages and versions at
https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/amd64/release-notes/ch-whats-new.en.html#major-packages
You can find instructions for upgrading Debian 10 to Debian 11.0 at
https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/amd64/release-notes/ch-upgrading.en.html
See Debian
Development tools are programs used to build software from its source code. These include compilers, make, and other generally used libraries.
To install development tools on Ubuntu/Debian, run
apt install -y build-essential
apt install -y autoconf automake gdb libffi-dev zlib1g-dev libssl-dev git wgetDebian OS templates are available in images:debian/VERSION. To see all available Debian OS templates, run
lxc image list images: debianTo create a container with Debian 10 OS, run
lxc launch images:debian/10 my-debianExample
See LXD
CloudPanel is a free hosting control panel, that make deploying web application on cloud easier. It use Nginx web server, support multile PHP versions, comes with nginx configuration for various popular CMS and web applications.
CloudPanel need a server with Debian 10.
To install CloudPanel, run
apt update && apt -y upgrade && apt -y install curl wget sudo curl -sSL https://installer.cloudpanel.io/ce/v1/install.sh | sudo bash
After install you can access cloudPanel at
https://serverIP:8443
When you access cloudpanel for first time, you will be asked to create a user. This user can be used to access cloudpanel to manage your web sites.
To list users, run
clpctl user:list
To change a user password
clpctl user:reset:password --userName=USER_HERE --password='PW_HERE'
To uninstall a software on Debian server, run
apt remove PKG_NAME
Example
To all installed software with specific name, run
dpkg-query -l PKG_NAME
Example
root@lab:~# dpkg-query -l 'nginx*' Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold | Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend |/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad) ||/ Name Version Architecture Description +++-==============-================-============-========================================================= ii nginx 1.14.2-2+deb10u3 all small, powerful, scalable web/proxy server ii nginx-common 1.14.2-2+deb10u3 all small, powerful, scalable web/proxy server - common files un nginx-doc(no description available) un nginx-extras (no description available) ii nginx-full 1.14.2-2+deb10u3 amd64 nginx web/proxy server (standard version) un nginx-light (no description available) root@lab:~#
In above list, packages start with
ii = installed
un = currently not installed on the server
When you uninstall a package, it won’t remove all config files, such packages list as uninsalled (un). To completely delete a package, its config file and data, use
apt remove --purge PKG_NAME
Example
apt remove --purge apache2
After removing a software package, you may need to run apt autoremove to remove any unused dependency.
apt autoremove
See apt
To search for available packages, run
apt-cache search PKG_NAME
Example
boby@sok-01:~$ apt-cache search wget devscripts - scripts to make the life of a Debian Package maintainer easier wget - retrieves files from the web abcde - A Better CD Encoder apt-mirror - APT sources mirroring tool axel - light command line download accelerator filetea - Web-based file sharing system getdata - management of external databases libcupt4-2-downloadmethod-wget - flexible package manager -- wget download method libwget0 - Download library for files and recursive websites ow-shell - shell utilities to talk to an 1-Wire owserver puf - Parallel URL fetcher pwget - downloader utility which resembles wget (implemented in Perl) python-wget - pure Python download utility for Python 2 python3-wget - pure Python download utility for Python 3 snarf - command-line URL grabber tcllib - Standard Tcl Library texlive-latex-extra - TeX Live: LaTeX additional packages wget2 - file and recursive website downloader wget2-dev - development file for libwget2 wput - tiny wget-like ftp-client for uploading files boby@sok-01:~$
To auto upgrade software packages in Ubuntu/Debian, install
apt install -y unattended-upgrades
Edit
vi /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades
In this file, you can configure various settings.
See apt
When running apt update on a Debian server, i get error
root@shop:~# apt-get update E: The method driver /usr/lib/apt/methods/https could not be found. N: Is the package apt-transport-https installed? root@shop:~#
To fix the error, run
apt-get install apt-transport-https ca-certificates
See apt
To install bitninja on Debian/Ubuntu, run
sudo su -c "echo deb http://apt.bitninja.io/debian/ bitninja non-free >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/bitninja.list" sudo su -c "wget -O- http://apt.bitninja.io/7F8B47DC.gpg | apt-key add -" sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install bitninja sudo bitninja-config --set license_key=YOUR_LICENSE_KEY_HERE sudo /etc/init.d/bitninja start
To scan malware, run
bitninjacli --module=MalwareScanner --scan=/var/www