Category: Linux

VHD or VHDx (newer version) is a Virtual Hard Disk file format used by Microsoft’s Hyper-V. To Open a VHD disk on Ubuntu, you can use guestmount command.

To install guestmount, run the command

apt-get install libguestfs-tools

To see list of partiions available in a VHD/VHDx file, you can run

virt-list-partitions FILE_NAME.vhdx

Example

root@ip-172-30-1-114:/mnt# virt-list-partitions srv-kirikas-storage.vhdx
/dev/sda1
/dev/sda2
root@ip-172-30-1-114:/mnt# 

To mount a partition, run

guestmount -a srv-kirikas-storage.vhdx -m DEVICE --ro MOUNT_POINT

Example

root@ip-172-30-1-114:/mnt# mkdir /vhdx/
root@ip-172-30-1-114:/mnt# guestmount -a srv-kirikas-storage.vhdx -m /dev/sda2 --ro /vhdx/
root@ip-172-30-1-114:/mnt# 

In the above example, /vhdx is the mount point, you need to create an empty folder before mounting.

See mount

rsnapshot is a backup software based on rsync. It can make an incremental backup. rsnapshot makes an automatic incremental backup using rsync and cronjob. It use linux hardlinks to save disk space. When you make the first backup, all files are copied to the backup location, every subsequent backup makes a copy of the previous backup using Linux hard links, then copies over new and changed files, deletes files that are removed from the source folder. This way, even if you have multiple copies of the files, only one file is stored in your disk. rsnapshot is available for installation from apt repositories in Ubuntu and Debian Linux.

https://rsnapshot.org/ (GitHub)

To install rsnapshot on Ubuntu/Debian, run

apt install rsnapshot -y

Configure rsnapshot

rsnapshot configuration file available in /etc/rsnapshot.conf, you need to edit this file to configure rsnapshot.

vi /etc/rsnapshot.conf

To change the location of backup folder, change

snapshot_root   /var/cache/rsnapshot/

I change this to /backup/

snapshot_root   /backup/

Below you will find

retain  alpha   6
retain  beta    7
retain  gamma   4

To easily understand the backup schedule, I renamed it as daily/weekly/monthly

retain  daily   6
retain  weekly    3
retain  monthly   3

This will store 6 daily backups, 3 weekly backups, and 3 monthly backups.

Uncomment following lines

cmd_ssh        /usr/bin/ssh
cmd_du         /usr/bin/du

The lines starting with “backup” define the backup. In these lines each parameter must be separated with TAB (space won’t work).

You can verify the configuration with the command

rsnapshot configtest

Test Backup

To see the commands used by rsnapshot to take backup, run

rsnapshot -t daily

Here is rsnapshot -t daily result for the backup command

backup	/root/		localhost/

To exclude a folder from the backup, you can use +rsync_long_args=–exclude=/full/path/to/folder

Example

backup  root@31.42.184.232:/home/serverok.in/  serverok.in/  +rsync_long_args=--exclude=/home/serverok.in/html/wp-content/cache

If you need to exclude multiple files, you can use exclude-from to specify a file with all paths to exclude.

backup	root@137.184.80.235:/home/	137.184.80.235/		+rsync_long_args=--exclude-from="/usr/serverok/exclude-server5"

NOTE: use TAB to separate each item in the backup line. For arguments, use space to separate.

Bash script to schedule Backups

Here is a backup script, that checks the day of the month and the day of the week to decide what type of backup needs to run today, this avoids running multiple backups same day.

creare file

mkdir /usr/serverok/
vi /usr/serverok/backup

add following content

#!/bin/bash
# Author: Yujin Boby
# Web: https://serverok.in
# Email: support@serverok.in

LOCKFILE="/var/run/rsnapshot.lock"
LOGFILE="/var/log/sok-backup.log"
RUNLOG="/var/log/backup-log-sok.log"

DATE_NOW=$(date "+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
DAY_OF_WEEK=$(date +%u)   # 1=Mon ... 7=Sun
DAY_OF_MONTH=$(date +%d)

exec >> "$LOGFILE" 2>&1

echo "===== $DATE_NOW Backup started ====="

# Prevent concurrent runs
if [ -f "$LOCKFILE" ]; then
    echo "$DATE_NOW Another backup process is running. Exiting."
    exit 1
fi
trap 'rm -f "$LOCKFILE"' EXIT
touch "$LOCKFILE"

run_snapshot() {
    TYPE=$1
    echo "$DATE_NOW Running rsnapshot $TYPE"

    if /usr/bin/rsnapshot "$TYPE"; then
        echo "$DATE_NOW SUCCESS: rsnapshot $TYPE" | tee -a "$RUNLOG"
    else
        echo "$DATE_NOW ERROR: rsnapshot $TYPE failed" | tee -a "$RUNLOG"
    fi
}

# Always run daily
run_snapshot daily

# Run weekly on Sunday
if [ "$DAY_OF_WEEK" -eq 7 ]; then
    run_snapshot weekly
fi

# Run monthly on 1st day
if [ "$DAY_OF_MONTH" -eq 01 ]; then
    run_snapshot monthly
fi

echo "===== $DATE_NOW Backup finished ====="

Make script executable

chmod 755 /usr/serverok/backup

set a cronjob to execute the file every day.

@daily /usr/serverok/backup > /dev/null 2>&1

Running Daily Backup

To run the daily automated backup, you need to set a cronjob

# Daily backup at midnight (00:00)
0 0 * * *  /usr/bin/rsnapshot daily

# Weekly backup on Sunday at 01:00
0 1 * * 0  /usr/bin/rsnapshot weekly

# Monthly backup on 1st of each month at 02:00
0 2 1 * *  /usr/bin/rsnapshot monthly

This will run backup every day at 00:00 hours server time.

MySQL Backup

Create file

vi /usr/serverok/backup-mysql.sh

Add following content

#!/bin/bash
# MySQL Backup Scipt
# Author: admin@ServerOk.in
# @daily /usr/serverok/backup-mysql.sh > /var/log/backup-mysql.log 2>&1

BACKUP_DIR="/backup/tmp/"


if [ ! -d $BACKUP_DIR ]; then
    mkdir -p $BACKUP_DIR
fi

find "${BACKUP_DIR}" -maxdepth 1 -type f -mtime +30 -name "*.sql" -delete

# Backup MySQL Database

mysql -e "show databases" | egrep -v "(-|Database|mysql|information_schema|performance_schema|phpmyadmin)"  > /tmp/sok-dbs.txt

for db in `cat /tmp/sok-dbs.txt`
do
    /usr/bin/mysqldump --opt --triggers --routines --events $db > "${BACKUP_DIR}/${db}.sql";
done

Make it executable

chmod 755 /usr/serverok/backup-mysql.sh

Edit file

vi /etc/rsnapshot.conf

Add

backup_script	/usr/serverok/backup-mysql.sh	localhost/mysql/

In the above line, white spaces are tabs, not spaces.

See Backup