HandBreak is an OpenSource Video transcoder available from https://handbrake.fr. It can convert video to various format.
Latest version of Handbreak available in Ubuntu PPA. To install, enable Handbreak PPA
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add-apt-repository ppa:stebbins/handbrake-releases |
Install handbreak with
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apt install handbrake-gtk handbrake-cli |
Linux KVM is virtualisation software that allow you to create virtual machine under linux. To install on Ubuntu, run
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apt install -y qemu-kvm |
Install libvirtd, this allow you to easily create KVM virtual machines and allow remote connection from virt-manager GUI application.
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apt install -y libvirt-bin |
Enable and start libvirt
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systemctl enable libvirtd systemctl start libvirtd |
At this stage, you should be able to connect to KVM server form your computer using virt-manager.
Before you can setup any VM, you need to download ISO image for the OS. Here i downloaded ISO image for Ubuntu 19.04
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cd /var/lib/libvirt/images wget http://mirrors.piconets.webwerks.in/ubuntu-mirror/ubuntu-releases/19.04/ubuntu-19.04-live-server-amd64.iso |
Once downloaded, you should be able to select this ISO image in virt-manager when creating a VM.
See Linux KVM
To disable IP block alert in CSF firewall, run
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sed -i "s/LF_PERMBLOCK_ALERT\s*=.*$/LF_PERMBLOCK_ALERT = \"0\"/g" /etc/csf/csf.conf |
Restart lfd and csf
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systemctl restart lfd csf -r |
See csf firewall
maldet is malware scanner for linux. On a shared hosting server, maldet detected one cusomer files as malware, on checking i found it is false positive. It is just a log file written by the application. To avoid getting further email from this application, i added this folder to maldet ignore_paths.
To add a folder to ignore list, edit file
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vi /usr/local/maldetect/ignore_paths |
Add the folder you need to ignore to end of this file as a new line.
Example
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root@server74 [~]# cat /usr/local/maldetect/ignore_paths /home/welgreenkerala/public_html/login/ /usr/local/maldetect /usr/local/sbin/maldet /home/shopatke/public_html/application/logs/ root@server74 [~]# |
See maldet
To download RPM file from yum repo, you need to install yum-utils package.
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yum install -y yum-utils |
Now you can use command
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yumdownloader --resolve --destdir=/path/ PACKAGE_NAME |
Example
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yumdownloader --resolve --destdir=/root/yum/ nginx |
This will download and store all rpm files in /var/yum folder. –resolve will resolve dependency and download them. This will be helpful if you need to install a package on a system with no direct internet connection.
See yum
To enable Passive FTP in Debian/Ubuntu installation of ISPConfig, run
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echo "40110 40210" > /etc/pure-ftpd/conf/PassivePortRange |
Restart pure-ftpd
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service pure-ftpd-mysql restart |
Now open ports 40110-40210 in firewall.
On CSF Firewall, edit
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vi /etc/csf/csf.conf |
Add
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40110:40210 |
At ened of TCP_IN line.
Example
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TCP_IN = "20,21,22,25,53,80,110,143,443,465,587,993,995,3333,8080,8090,19999,40110:40210" |
See ispconfig
virt-manager is a GUI tool used to manage KVM virtial machines. To install virt-manager on Ubuntu, run
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apt install virt-manager |
Free version of VMware ESXi don’t provide option to clone virtual machine. If you want to clone a VM, you need to purchase expensive vSphere license.
There is a work around for this, you need to clone disk of an existing Virtual machine using vmkfstools.
To make clone of a VM disk, SSH into your VMWare ESXi server as user root. Then create clone of disk with
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vmkfstools -i "source.vmdk" "destination.vmdk" |
For new VM, i created a directory. Path to datastore directory may be differnt on your server, you can find it using “df -h” command and checking the file system.
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mkdir /vmfs/volumes/disk2/ubuntu-clone/ |
Shutdown the Virtual Machine you want to clone the disk from. Run
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[root@ns3048991:~] vmkfstools -i "/vmfs/volumes/disk2/Ubuntu/Ubuntu.vmdk" "/vmfs/volumes/disk2/ubuntu-clone/ubuntu-clone.vmdk" Destination disk format: VMFS zeroedthick Cloning disk '/vmfs/volumes/disk2/Ubuntu/Ubuntu.vmdk'... Clone: 100% done. [root@ns3048991:~] |
In screenshot below, i first tried to clone with out creating destination folder. That resulted in error. After creating destination folder, vmkfstools command worked.
Login to VMware ESXi web interface. Create a new VM. On the step where you select hardware, delete existing Disk. Add a new disk, browse and select the newly created clone disk. In this case – “/vmfs/volumes/disk2/ubuntu-clone/ubuntu-clone.vmdk”
Once the VM creation is finished, you will be able to start the new VM. You can create a VM, then use it as template for creating new virtual machines.
See VMWare
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[root@server70 ~]# vmstat -S M 1 10 procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu----- r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st 0 0 11 770 1009 3119 0 0 28 22 53 51 4 1 94 1 0 3 0 11 727 1009 3120 0 0 52 2504 8387 2624 12 1 86 1 0 0 0 11 755 1009 3120 0 0 4 157 4619 1841 12 1 86 1 0 0 0 11 755 1009 3120 0 0 136 4 9405 1595 2 1 98 0 0 0 0 11 755 1009 3120 0 0 0 33 4564 875 0 0 99 0 0 1 0 11 761 1009 3120 0 0 60 0 3151 1157 2 1 97 0 0 0 0 11 798 1009 3120 0 0 12 984 2937 898 0 0 99 0 0 0 1 11 828 1009 3120 0 0 0 321 3108 1002 3 0 96 1 0 0 0 11 813 1009 3120 0 0 4 0 6065 1512 6 1 93 0 0 1 0 11 848 1009 3120 0 0 4 100 7311 1628 3 1 95 2 0 [root@server70 ~]# |
vmstat 1
* High values in “wa” column mean: IO problem
* High values in “si”, “so” mean: excessive swapping
Sustained high swap rates (si and so) are usually bad. The system will start spending all of its time swapping, and make no progress on any actual work. You will also see the number of runnable (r and b) processes increase. If the situation gets bad enough and free memory gets too low, the Out-of-memory (oom) logic will start killing random processes. At this point, either reducing the number of processes that normally run or adding additional RAM are about the only options.
vmstat – Report virtual memory statistics
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vmstat [-a] [-n] [delay [ count]] vmstat [-f] [-s] [-m] vmstat [-S unit] vmstat [-d] vmstat [-p disk partition] vmstat [-V] |
vmstat reports information about processes, memory, paging, block IO, traps, and cpu activity.
The first report produced gives averages since the last reboot. Additional reports give information on a sampling period of length delay. The process and memory reports are instantaneous in either case.
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Procs r: The number of processes waiting for run time. b: The number of processes in uninterruptible sleep. Memory swpd: the amount of virtual memory used. free: the amount of idle memory. buff: the amount of memory used as buffers. cache: the amount of memory used as cache. inact: the amount of inactive memory. (-a option) active: the amount of active memory. (-a option) Swap si: Amount of memory swapped in from disk (/s). so: Amount of memory swapped to disk (/s). IO bi: Blocks received from a block device (blocks/s). bo: Blocks sent to a block device (blocks/s). System in: The number of interrupts per second, including the clock. cs: The number of context switches per second. CPU These are percentages of total CPU time. us: Time spent running non-kernel code. (user time, including nice time) sy: Time spent running kernel code. (system time) id: Time spent idle. Prior to Linux 2.5.41, this includes IO-wait time. wa: Time spent waiting for IO. Prior to Linux 2.5.41, included in idle. st: Time stolen from a virtual machine. Prior to Linux 2.6.11, unknown. |
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Reads total: Total reads completed successfully merged: grouped reads (resulting in one I/O) sectors: Sectors read successfully ms: milliseconds spent reading Writes total: Total writes completed successfully merged: grouped writes (resulting in one I/O) sectors: Sectors written successfully ms: milliseconds spent writing IO cur: I/O in progress s: seconds spent for I/O |
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reads: Total number of reads issued to this partition read sectors: Total read sectors for partition writes : Total number of writes issued to this partition requested writes: Total number of write requests made for partition |
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cache: Cache name num: Number of currently active objects total: Total number of available objects size: Size of each object pages: Number of pages with at least one active object totpages: Total number of allocated pages pslab: Number of pages per slab |
* iostat
* sar
* mpstat
* ps
* top
* free
See Linux Commands
